Whereas Part I focused on targeting immunosenescence and inflammaging through the gut–immune and gut–joint axes to deliver clinically meaningful benefits, Part II examines cholesterol and cardiovascular health, the menopause and the so-called estrobolome.
Menopause journeys and the estrobolome: Women experience a distinct ageing trajectory shaped by hormonal shifts, particularly from the decline of oestrogen.
More than one billion women worldwide are currently experiencing menopause or are postmenopausal, with approximately 47 million women starting each year.20
This transition can affect far more than reproductive function. Oestrogen influences bone density, cardiovascular and metabolic health, cognitive performance and more, so its decline impacts every area of a woman’s life.
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